1. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.

2. Alloys of aluminum containing copper as the principal alloying element are widely used.

3. Speaking  about  the  new methods of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

4. Surface of the  specimen  being  tested  should be free from scale and other foreign inclusions.

5. When moving  in  a circular path  with uniform speed a body continually changes its direction.

6. Being used as a catalyst a substance does not enter the reaction at all but remains unchanged throughout the experiment.

7. Having performed the flight around the Moon Zond 6 automatic station returned safely to the Earth.

8. Having been measured with inaccurate instruments the data were incorrect.

9. While burning  different substances combine with oxygen.

10. Having finished the research the scientist made a thorough analysis of the collected data.

Вариант 2

1. Being heated a magnet loses some or all of its magnetism.

2. A magnet attracts only things containing iron.

3. Having determined the relative weights of molecules we can find the relative weights of the atoms of which they are composed.

4. Having been carefully tested the device was put into operation.

5. Having a high melting point tungsten is widely used for the production of electric lamps.

6. Natural gas is the cheapest type of fuel and the most important raw material for the expanding chemical industry.

7. A  neutron  is a particle having the same mass as a proton, but carrying no electrical charge.

8. Metals being used in industry in the form of alloys have better properties than pure metals.

9. Among the distinguished atomic scientists the first place belongs by right to Academician Igor Kurchatov.

10. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.

1. Reality overtakes the boldest fancies and does it with increasing speed and urgency.

2. Being a boy of fourteen, Tsiolkovsky constructed many different balloons.

3. In 1933 scientists made a surprising discovery while studying the behavior of helium near absolute zero.

4. The results achieved depended on the methods used.

5. Wood is one of the oldest materials employed in engineering structures and devices.

6. While visiting Russia the foreign delegates could see for themselves great economic progress achieved by our people.

7. On May 7, 1895, Popov made a report on his invention of radio communication and demonstrated his invention practically, sending the first radiogram in the world.

8. Having discovered the properties of the electron, scientists utilized it for the service of man.

9. A gas, if placed in a vessel, fills it completely.

10. The temperature of the melted ice rising, the movement of its molecules is speeded up.

Вариант 5

1. The construction of the icebreaker having been completed, the Soviet fleet got the most powerful ice-breaker in the world.

2. Being invited to take part in the work of a scientific society, the young engineer went to Moscow.

3. Having been asked to make the experiment, the students went to the laboratory.

4. When completed, the new building will accommodate 3,000 students.

5. The limit of cold is reached at approximately minus 273°C, this temperature being known in physics as absolute zero.

6. Established under the first five-year plan, our chemical industry has made particularly big strides in recent times.

7. Traveling through interplanetary space with a velocity close to that of light, protons or atomic nucleus have a charge of thousands of millions of electron volts and can destroy any molecular or atomic structure.

8. Experience has shown that given proper training a human being can easily sustain weightlessness.

9. Having explored the coast of the unknown island, the expedition returned home.

10. The space pilot having carried out the assigned flight program, the spaceship made a safe landing in a predetermined area of Russia.

1. Engine lathes vary in size, ranging from the small bench lathe of only a few inches to one many feet in length.

2. Oil is supplied to crankshaft and camshaft journals rotating in their supporting bearings.

3. It is especially important when using a mandrel that the live centre runs exactly true.

4. A chisel is a tool made of very hard steel, having a cutting edge at one end of the blade.

5. The regulating wheel can be rotated at whatever speed is desired to give the work being ground its proper rotaries speed.

6. The table has a rack on its under surface, into which a large gear, mounted in the bed, meshes.

7. The multiple spindle drilling machine may have any number of spindles arranged on the cross rail of the drilling machine, all spindles being driven from the same shaft.

8. Having clamped the work in a chuck, the operator began to turn it.

9. There are several types of chucks used in machine-shop work, the most popular being the 4-jaw independent chuck and the 3-jaw universal chuck.

10. The advantage of the diesel engine lies in the high efficiency obtained.

Вариант 7

1. When compared with the hardness of the dead centre in the tail-stock the live centre is usually soft and is so made since it does no work.

2. The first operation performed on a piece of work when placed in the lathe is facing or squaring the ends.

3. When a piece of work is roughed-out, it is nearly the finished size required.

4. The power developed by the expansion of the gases in the cylinder can be determined.

5. Extraction turbines are built with one or two extraction openings, the number and pressure levels being determined by process needs.

6. The amount of clearance depends upon the size of the bore of the cylinder and the metal used in the piston.

7. The three common types of lathes usually found in a machine shop are the bench lathe, the engine lathe and the turret lathe.

8. Cutting tools used in planer work are the same as those used in the shaper.

9. While mounting the work between the centers care must be taken to see that the centers are in good condition.

10. The internal resistance of a part to an externally applied force is called a stress.

Вариант 8

1. Friction will act on the moving body so as to stop it.

2. Any apparatus converting heat into mechanical work is called a heat engine.

3. In the operation of a gas  engine  the number of strokes required to complete the cycle varies with the type of engine.

4. Having milled the outside faces of the connecting rod the operator began milling the opening at each end.

25. The upward movement of the piston pushes the remaining gases out of the opening exhaust valve.

6. The life of an engine depends upon the care given to it.

7. The side rake also varies with the material being machined.

8. The lubricating system used in the automotive engine is designed to supply oil to all moving parts.

9. The stock being too hard, the drill could not work efficiently.

10. The engine speed being increased, tractors could be used for road work.

1. A vacuum tube is a device consisting of a number of electrodes contained within an evacuated bulb.

2. Increasing the voltage across a resistor, we increase the current which flows through the resistor.

3. The heat produced per second depends both upon the resistance of the conductor and upon the amount of current flowing through it.

4. Perhaps the most widely used source of power in large power plants is the steam turbine.

5. Capacity is one of the important properties greatly affecting an electric circuit.

6. The voltage being increased, the field becomes strong enough to cause the electrons to produce additional ions by collision.

7. Using transformer you can increase or decrease the voltage of the alternating current.

8. The energy supplied by the light is sufficient to cause emission from some substances.

9. The fact that a small voltage acting on the grid is equivalent to a large voltage acting on the plate indicates the possibility of amplification with the triode tube.

10. The polarity of the poles does not change, those on one side being permanently of north polarity, those on the other side of south polarity.

Вариант 10

1. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the cell or battery is transformed into electric energy.

2. The crowded electrons on the zinc plate of the cell tend to move towards the copper one because of the electrical pressure created.

3. The process by which the signal being transmitted is reproduced from the radio-frequency currents present at the receiver is called detection, or sometimes demodulation.

4. While experimenting in their laboratory Pierre and Marie Curie discovered a new ray-shooting element—radium.

5. Two or more cells connected together constitute a battery.

6. A current passing through the winding of a solenoid acquires magnetic properties.

7. In this way it is possible to make strong magnets that are called electromagnets, the strength of the electromagnet depending on the kind of iron placed within the coil.

8. Being subjected to radiation, various substances undergo radical changes of their properties.

9. Sometimes a transformer is used merely to insulate two electrical circuits while still permitting an interchange of energy between them.

10. When heated or subjected to strong electric charges, the cathode emits large quantities of electrons.

Вариант 11

1. Being a good insulator, rubber is often used in cables.

2. Having conducted many experiments scientists proved that electricity, like matter, had an atomic character.

3. When focused, the beam from the gun produces only a small spot on the screen. 25. The fluorescent screen materials used have varying characteristics according to the type of work for which the tube is intended.

4. A magnetic substance is any material which acquires this property when placed near a magnet, or near a conductor carrying an electric current.

5. The  space  surrounding  a  charged body is called an electric field of force.

6. No matter how small the pieces are into which we cut the magnet, each piece is a magnet in itself having two poles.

7. Having already made remarkable progress, radio and television continue to develop and to find wider and wider application in science, industry and agriculture.

8. The ingots used weighed as much as 25 tons.

9. Hydrogen is the lightest substance known.

10. The joining, or fusion, of hydrogen atoms happens spontaneously inside the Sun, and is the source of the great energy radiated by the Sun.

1. Nitrogen is an essential element in most of the substances which make up living matter, including the proteins.

2. The most important change occurring in rubber during the process of vulcanization is the great reduction of its plasticity while elasticity is maintained.

3. Nylon is a fiber with  properties resembling those of silk and is chemically related to the proteins of silk and wool.

4. Water is a very stable substance. However, it can be decomposed by means of an electric current, the process being known as electrolysis.

5. When sufficiently cooled, the pig iron is removed.

6. While making the sand, some water should be poured into the mixture, but not too much as the sand containing too much water cannot be used.

7. Heat-treating processes applied to plain carbon steels are applicable also to the alloy steels.

8. Carbon found in nature has atomic weights of 12 and 13.

9. In this mould the cast metal cools and solidifies, taking the shape of the mould.

10. Nitrogen, formed in this condition from ammonia, penetrates into the surface of the metal, thus forming a very hard case.

Вариант 13

1. The temperature is indicated by the colors appearing on a polished surface of the steel when heated.

2. The melting point of pure iron reaches about 1,535°C, most steels melting at about 1,300 to 1,500°C.

3. Having heated the metal to the required temperature, we must quench it for hardening.

4. Being dissolved in the steel, phosphorus increases the tendency toward a coarse-grained steel and therefore may weaken the steel.

5. Metals can be cast into varied and intricate shapes weighing from a few ounces to many tons.

6. In the final forging it is important not to have the steel too hot, for an overheated steel will have poor mechanical properties when cooled.

7. Other impurities, being dissolved in iron or combined with it or with one another, should be considered while making steel because of their great influence upon the properties of steel.

8. When removed from the furnace, the parts are simply allowed to cool.

9. Open hearth furnaces, having worked a long time, rapidly decrease their heating ability because of bad work of the regenerative system.