A complete description of the many and varied motor applications found in a modern steam station is almost a description of the station itself. Every phase of power generation requires some closely associated auxiliary equipment, which, in a modern power plant, is driven almost exclusively by electric motors. Indicative of the large number of motor applications in a steam station, a recent power plant comprising two 75,000-kw turbines required over 700 auxiliary motors. In a typical plant the auxiliaries consume approximately 6 percent of the total power output and have a total horsepower rating of from 12 to 15 percent of the kilowatt rating of the main turbine generators.

No two generating stations are identical. It is impossible to state exactly the motor sizes and types that will be present in a steam generating station of a particular size. The requirements are governed by such factors as type of fuel, heat cycle, source of water, and anticipat­ed station loading cycle.

Approximate sizes of the major auxiliary motors are given later as percentages of the nominal rating of the turbine-generator unit. The figures are average values based on a survey of steam stations with turbine-generator units of 100 megawatts and below.

Characteristics of Powerhouse Auxiliary Motors.— The primary characteristics to be considered in selecting auxiliary motors are size, speed, motor type, torque requirements, operating conditions, class of insulation, and type of enclosure. In addition, motors for central-station service must have special features that insure reliability and ease of operation, features such as special moisture-resistant insulation, adequate provision for oil-ring inspection on motors with sleeve bearings, easy accessibility of the bearings and windings for servicing and inspection, and adequate terminal boxes. The reliability, efficiency, and simplicity of installation and control of the squirrel-cage induction motor have made it the almost universal choice for powerhouse applications.

Powerhouse auxiliary motors range in size from less than one horsepower, used to open and close valves, to several thousand horsepower, used to pump water into the boiler. They usually have drip-proof enclosures with class A insulation, and are designed to have low starting-current and normal starting torque. However, some auxiliaries require special torque or speed characteristics, or present unusual service conditions such as excessive dirt, moisture, abrasive flyash, or high temperature; or the plant may be an outdoor installation. Motors for such applications must have special characteristics to satisfy these requirements.

Pump Motors.— Pumping is one of the major duties performed by powerhouse auxiliary equipment, and usually the largest motors in the station are those that drive the boiler-feed pumps. In a typical station the total horsepower rating of the boiler-feed-pump motors is between five and six percent of the kilowatt rating of the associated turbine. At least two and usually three boiler-feed pumps of equal rating are used. These pumps operate against a very high head of water and require 3,600-rpm driving motors.

The output of the boiler-feed pumps is controlled by throttling or by varying the speed of the pump. The latter method is attractive because of reduced operating cost. Variable-speed control, when used, is achieved with a variable-speed coupling or by using a wound-rotor motor and a liquid rheostat.

The torque requirements of boiler-feed pumps and most other pumps are satisfied by motors with low starting current and normal starting-torque. Most boiler-feed-pump motors are rated for a temperature rise of 40 degrees C above ambient and have class A insulation. Where the ambient temperature is above 40 degrees, class B insulation is used.

Although drip-proof construction is usual, special enclosures are sometimes used to reduce the noise level of the motor or to protect the motor from flyash and other unfavorable atmospheric conditions. Noise can be reduced by using pipe- or base-ventilated motors in which the inlet and exhaust for cooling air are at a remote location. In particularly dirty locations enclosed motors are used. Air for such motors is cooled by either an air-to-air or an air-to-water heat exchanger. Since outside air is never drawn into the motor, the windings are protected from contamination.

In addition to boiler-feed pumps, numerous other pumps are associated directly with the water cycle of the plant or perform auxiliary functions. These include pumps for handling circulating water, condensate, drain water, raw water, water-purification chemicals, ash, flood water, water for fire protection, sump water, lubricating oil, and station water supply. Usually the largest of these are the circulating-water pumps. In a typical station, there are two circulating-water pumps per turbine with a total horsepower slightly less than one percent of the turbine rating. The remaining pumps range in size from a fraction of a horsepower for small chemical-feed pumps to 100 to 300 horsepower for some raw-water, ash, and fire pumps. The size of the driving motor in a particular application is determined by the head and capacity requirements, which are influenced by the nature of the water source.

The location and the speed and torque requirements of these pumps usually allow the use of standard drip-proof, squirrel-cage induction motors with low starting current and normal starting torque. Most pump motors have a synchronous speed of 1,200, 1,800 or 3,600 rpm; however, some motors, such as the circulating-water pumps, may require speeds as low as 277 rpm. Vertical motors are frequently used for pumping service because they require much less floor space.

Air-and Coal-Handling Motors.— Fans supplying air for combustion are usually driven by squirrel-cage motors. Where variable speed is desired for control and to reduce fan wear, wound-rotor induction motors or squirrel-cage induction motors with hydraulic or magnetic couplings are used. Frequently, two-speed squirrel-cage induction motors are used to take advantage of the reduced fan wear at the slower speed permissible during light-load periods.

In a typical station, induced-draft fans have a total horsepower of 2.5 percent of the turbine rating, while forced-draft fans have a total horsepower of approximately 1.2 percent. Usually two forced-draft fans and two induced-draft fans are used per boiler. Forced- and induced-draft fans are often installed in locations with abnormally high ambient temperatures. For such applications the motors must have class B insulation. With unfavorable atmospheric conditions, totally enclosed, fan-cooled motors are used for the fan drives.

Most stations using coal for fuel burn the coal in pulverized form. Pulverizers present the problem of a high starting torque, high-inertia load. The starting-torque requirements vary with the type of pulverizer, the amount of moisture in the coal, and the duration of shutdowns. Motors are selected that can start the mill with favorable coal conditions after a momentary shutdown and have sufficient thermal capacity to allow two consecutive normal starts at full voltage. The motors are high-torque or low-torque, drip-proof, squirrel-cage, induction machines with class A insulation.

Motors driving coal-handling machinery are subjected to particularly severe operating conditions and must possess special characteristics. They operate in dust- and moisture-laden areas; therefore, totally enclosed or totally enclosed fan-cooled motors are necessary.

Types of Motors for Powerhouse Applications. — Motors for powerhouse auxiliaries are available in three standard constructions: drip-proof, splashproof, and totally enclosed fan-cooled. The correlation between type of enclosure, temperature rise, ambient temperature, and type of insulation is shown in table I.

Table I — Types of Motors Most Used on Powerhouse Auxiliaries

All motors rated for a temperature rise of 40 degrees C will carry a 15-percent overload continuously with a safe temperature rise when operating in an ambient temperature of 40 degrees C.

In addition to the three standard enclosures, special ones are necessary for unusual operating conditions. These enclosures include self base-ventilated, self pipe-ventilated, forced-ventilated, explosion-proof, and outdoor types. Self base- and pipe-ventilated motors are totally enclosed and cooled by air circulated through ducts or pipe. The air intake and discharge are located in areas remote from the motor. This reduces the noise at the motor location and, where the air around the motor is dirty, makes it possible to obtain cleaner air from another location. Base-ventilated enclosures have openings at the floor line for connection of air ducts. Duct work to the source of air can then be installed underneath the floor if more space is available there. Pipe-ventilated motors have openings above the floor line.

There is a growing trend toward outdoor or semi-outdoor installation of new steam stations. Motors in such applications must be capable of providing reliable operation during all types of weather. On each side of a motor designed for outdoor service are two inlet-air openings protected by screens and louvers. From these inlets, air passes upward through a low-velocity space where the movement of the air is slow enough that air-borne particles of water and dust drop out and do not enter the motor. When the air reaches the top of this space, it is circulated through the motor and leaves at either end between the motor feet. A straight-through path is provided in both the inlet and discharge passages so that winds of hurricane velocity will not blow water into the motor.

This outdoor enclosure is also available for vertical motors. Again two inlet and two discharge openings are provided. These are alternately spaced at 90-degree intervals around the circumference of the motor. The inlet openings are at the top of the motor; the discharge openings are at the bottom. Low-velocity air passages are provided to remove entrained water from cooling air and straight-through passages for winds of hurricane velocity.

Many motors, even in a modern steam station, are located in extremely unfavorable atmospheres. Frequently moisture, coal dust, oil, weak acid fumes, and other elements that impair motor insulation, are present. For such applications, special protection must be given the motors. Totally enclosed, fan-cooled motors are especially applicable where large amounts of flyash and dust are present, or in outdoor installations where salt spray is a problem. In the tube-type, totally enclosed, fan-cooled motor, air from the atmosphere is not used inside the motor for cooling. A copper-tube heat exchanger is used to cool the motor. Air contained inside this enclosure never comes in contact with the atmosphere.

If totally enclosed motors are not justified, but extra protection of the motor insulation is needed, special moisture-resistant insulation should be specified to insure reliability. This insulation consists of additional dips and bakes of the motor winding.

If open-frame motors are to be subjected to unusually abrasive flyash the coils should be given the additional protection of a Neoprene coating. The abrasive particles bounce off the Neoprene and thus do not become embedded in the insulation where they might ultimately cause failure.

Extra Precautions Taken During Manufacture.—Motors for powerhouse auxiliary drives must meet a wide range of requirements. All motors must provide the maximum possible reliability even under severe operating conditions.

Motors for central-station use are frequently purchased by the manufacturer of the auxiliary equipment. To assure special treatment, it is essential that the manufacturer be notified that the motors are going into power plants. For complete assurance of the best insulation, the purchaser should specify special moisture-resistant insulation for all motors to be installed in powerhouses.

 М.А. Беляева и др. «Сборник технических текстов на англ. языке»