Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of coordinating
the efforts of people to accomplish desired goals and objectives using
available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises
planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an
organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the
purpose of accomplishing a goal.
Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of
human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural
resources.
Since organizations can be viewed
as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including
design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This
view opens the opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a prerequisite to attempting
to manage others.
The verb manage comes from
the Italian maneggiare (to handle, especially tools), which derives
from the Latin word manus (hand). The French word mesnagement
(later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the
English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Views on the definition and scope
of management include:
Management involves the
manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the
success of the enterprise. This implies effective communication: an
enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism),
implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or
system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism
(machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur in
either a legal as well as illegal enterprise or environment. Based on this,
management must have humans, communication, and a positive enterprise
endeavor. Plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and
economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for
there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as
measuring quantity, adjusting plans, meeting goals. This applies even in
situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Henri
Fayol (1841–1925) considers management to consist of six functions:
1.
forecasting
2.
planning
3.
organizing
4.
commanding
5.
coordinating
6.
controlling
Fayol was one of the most
influential contributors to modern concepts of management.
In another way of thinking, Mary
Parker Follett (1868–1933), defined management as "the art of getting things
done through people". She described management as philosophy.
Some people, however, find this
definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase "management is what
managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining
management, the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of
managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.
One habit of thought regards
management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes
management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in
the public sector. More broadly, however, every organization must manage its
work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness.
Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach
management as "business schools". Some institutions (such as the Harvard
Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of
Management) employ the more inclusive term "management".
English speakers may also use the
term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the
managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this
use of the term often contrasted with the term "Labor" - referring to those
being managed. |