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Research that is directed toward the solution of problems ban be divided into two major classes: evaluative and developmental. An evaluative problem is one in which the alternative courses of action are completely specified in advance and the solution consists of selecting the “best” of these. A developmental problem is concerned with the search for (and per haps construction or synthesis of) instruments which yield a course of action that is better than any available at the time.

In discussing the phases of research we shall consider each of the types of research that have been identified and explore their methodological differences and similarities. But the basis of these comparisons will be laid throughout by a de tailed consideration of evaluative problem solving.

As it will be seen in some detail, applied research has the advantage of being able to formulate criteria of its own efficiency in terms of the objectives for which the problem is being investigated. Because of lack of specific objectives, in pure research such criteria cannot be formulated as explicity. Consequently, in pure research many implicit assumptions are made about the conditions under which its results will be applied. In applied research these assumptions are frequently found to be unrealistic. To elaborate a previous example, in pure research the seriousness of various errors can seldom be measured. In applied problems, however, there are few cases in which this condition holds. Hence different estimation procedures are required in applied science, and serious questions about the estimating procedures of pure science are raised. This fact is not generally appreciated; to the contrary, it is commonly believed that pure research tends to be methodologically superior to applied research. Hence, the general approach of this book may be contrary to the intuition and beliefs of many.

We shall first discuss the methodological aspects of each phase of research in an applied context, and then consider what can be learned from this representation that can be use4 in the pure research context.